CLASS TASK - ENG 211 - WEEK 4
๐WEEK FOUR
๐ Reading
CHAPTER 2, Pages 14–26 of Understanding Morphology (Available on the Resources Page of The Word Lounge)
๐ Individual Task: Exploring Basic Concepts
As you read, identify and make a list of all morphological concepts you come across (e.g., affixes, allomorphs, morphemes, roots, etc.). For each concept:
Clearly define it in your own words.
-
Explain the types, where applicable.
-
Give one accurate example to illustrate it.
THE BASIC MORPHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS.
ReplyDelete1️⃣ Morpheme
Definition:
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word that cannot be divided any further without losing its meaning.
Types:
i. Free morpheme: Can stand alone as a complete word (book, happy).
ii. Bound morpheme: Cannot stand alone; it must attach to another form (un-, -s, -ness).
Example:
In unhappiness → un- (prefix), happy (root), -ness (suffix) are three morphemes.
2️⃣ Free Morpheme
Definition:
A free morpheme is a meaningful unit that can appear independently as a word.
Example:
Dog, run, and play are free morphemes because they can stand alone.
3️⃣ Bound Morpheme
Definition:
A bound morpheme is a meaningful unit that cannot stand by itself and must attach to another form.
Example:
The -ed in walked shows past tense but cannot appear alone.
4️⃣ Lexeme
Definition:
A lexeme is the abstract “dictionary form” of a word representing all its grammatical forms.
Example:
The lexeme WRITE includes write, writes, writing, and wrote.
5️⃣ Word-form
Definition:
A word-form is a specific version of a lexeme that shows particular grammatical information such as tense, number, or person.
Example:
Writes is the third-person singular present word-form of the lexeme WRITE.
6️⃣ Word-token
Definition:
A word-token is the actual occurrence of a word each time it appears in speech or writing.
Example:
In the sentence Books are books, the word books appears twice — two word-tokens, one word-form.
7️⃣ Paradigm
Definition:
A paradigm is the full set of word-forms belonging to a single lexeme, showing all its grammatical variations.
Example:
The Greek noun filos (“friend”) has this paradigm:
Singular: filos (nom.), filo (acc.), filu (gen.)
Plural: fili (nom.), filus (acc.), filon (gen.)
8️⃣ Word Family
Definition:
A word family is a group of related lexemes built from the same base or root through derivation.
Example:
Read, reader, reread, readable, and readability belong to one word family.
9️⃣ Inflection
Definition:
Inflection changes the form of a word to show grammatical information such as tense, number, or case, but does not create a new word.
Example:
Cat → cats (plural) or talk → talked (past tense).
๐ Derivation
Definition:
Derivation is the process of creating a new word (new lexeme) by adding an affix to a base or root, often changing the word class or meaning.
Example:
Happy → unhappiness (adjective → noun, new meaning).
(A). Affix
Definition:
An affix is a bound morpheme attached to a base or root to modify its meaning or function.
Types:
i. Prefix: before the base (un-happy)
ii. Suffix: after the base (hope-ful)
iii. Infix: inserted inside a word (rare in English; Tagalog sulat → sumulat)
iv. Circumfix: placed around a base (German ge-liebt, “loved”)
Example:
Re- in rewrite means “again.”
(B). Root
Definition:
The root is the core part of a word that carries its main meaning and cannot be broken down further.
Example:
In unfriendly, friend is the root.
(C). Base / Stem
Definition:
A base is any form that an affix can attach to.
A stem is a base that can take inflectional endings.
Example:
In readers, the base is read, the stem is reader, and the plural suffix -s is inflectional.
(D). Allomorph
Definition:
Allomorphs are different spoken or written versions of the same morpheme that appear in different contexts.
Example:
The English plural -s has three allomorphs:
/s/ as in cats, /z/ as in dogs, and /ษชz/ as in buses.
(E). Monomorphemic vs. Polymorphemic Words
Definition:
Monomorphemic: Consist of one morpheme (no internal structure).
Polymorphemic: Contain more than one morpheme.
Example:
Boy is monomorphemic; boys is polymorphemic (boy + -s).
Contributed by: Bilal S. O.
This is impressive. Well done, Olamide!
Delete1. Morpheme
ReplyDeleteDefinition: The tiniest unit of language that carries meaning and can’t be split further.
Types:
- Free morpheme – can stand alone (e.g., _tree_, _fast_).
- Bound morpheme – must attach to something else (e.g., _re‑_, _‑ed_, _‑ness_).
Example: _unhelpful_ → un‑(bound), help (free), ‑ful(bound).
2. Free Morpheme
Definition: A morpheme that can appear as a word by itself.
Example: _sun_, _run_, _blue_.
3. Bound Morpheme
Definition: A morpheme that never stands alone; it needs a host word.
Example: The ‑ly in _quickly_ or pre‑ in _preview_.
4. Lexeme
Definition: The abstract dictionary entry that groups all related word forms under one heading.
Example: LEXEME:
_speak_ → includes _speak_, _speaks_, _spoke_, _spoken_, _speaking_.
5. Word‑form
Definition: A specific realization of a lexeme showing tense, number, etc.
Example: _spoke_ is the past‑tense word‑form of speak
6 Word‑token
Definition: Each individual occurrence of a word in a text or speech.
Example: In “I saw a cat6 and the cat ran,” cat appears twice → 2 word‑tokens.
7. Paradigm
Definition: The full set of word‑forms for a lexeme, showing all grammatical variations.
Example: run → run, runs, ran, running.
8. Word Family
Definition: A group of lexemes derived from the same root.
Example: _happy_, _happiness_, _unhappy_, _unhappiness_.
9. Inflection
Definition: A change that signals grammatical info (tense, number, case) without creating a new lexeme.
Example: _dog → dogs_ (plural), _walk → walked_ (past).
10. Derivation
Definition: A change that builds a new lexeme by adding affixes, often shifting word class or meaning.
Example: _teach → teacher_ (verb → noun).
11. Affix
Definition: A bound morpheme attached before or after a base.
Types:
- Prefix (_re‑_ in _rewrite_)
- Suffix (_‑ness_ in _kindness_)
- Infix (rare in English; e.g., Tagalog _sulatin_ → _sumulat_)
- Circumfix (German _ge‑…‑t_ in _geliebt_).
12. Root
Definition: The core morpheme that holds the primary meaning, cannot be broken down.
Example: In _disagreeable_, agree is the root.
13. Base / Stem
Definition: Base– any form that can take an affix. Stem – the base ready for inflectional endings.
Example: _players_: play (base), player (stem), ‑s (inflection).
14. Allomorph
Definition: Variant shapes of the same morpheme conditioned by phonological context.
Example: Plural ‑s: /s/ in _cats_, /z/ in _dogs_, /ษชz/ in _buses_.
15. Monomorphemic vs. Polymorphemic
Definition: Monomorphemic – one morpheme (e.g., _jump_).
Polymorphemic – two or more morphemes (e.g., _jump‑ed_, _un‑break‑able_).
Good effort, Ifeoluwa. However, even when using Meta AI for assignments, you must remove all formatting giveaways such as underscores (italics) and asterisks (bold) before submission.
Delete1. Morphemes
ReplyDelete• Definition: The smallest meaningful unit of language that cannot be divided further without losing or changing its meaning.
• Example:
o cats → cat (root morpheme) + -s (plural morpheme).
• Types:
o Free morphemes (can stand alone: book, run, happy)
o Bound morphemes (must attach to others: -s, -ed, un-)
2. Monomorphemic
• Definition: A word consisting of only one morpheme.
• Example: boy, run, chair, blue.
3. Word-forms
• Definition: The different inflected forms that a lexeme can take.
• Example: go, goes, went, gone, going → all are word-forms of the lexeme GO.
4. Lexemes
• Definition: The abstract unit of meaning that represents all related word-forms of a word.
• Example: RUN represents run, runs, ran, running.
• It’s the entry you’d find in a dictionary.
5. Word Token
• Definition: The actual occurrence or instance of a word in speech or writing.
• Example: In “The boy saw the boy,” there are 4 word tokens but only 3 word types (the, boy, saw).
6. Paradigm
• Definition: The complete set of inflected forms of a lexeme.
• Example: For “walk” → walk, walks, walked, walking.
7. Word Family
• Definition: A group of words derived from the same root or base.
• Example: Teach, teacher, teaching, re-teach, unteachable.
8. Inflection
• Definition: The process of adding grammatical information (such as tense, number, case) without changing the word’s core meaning or category.
• Example: walk → walks → walked → walking.
• Types:
o Number: boy → boys
o Tense: play → played
o Case: he → him → his
9. Derivation
• Definition: The process of forming a new word by adding an affix that changes meaning or grammatical category.
• Example: happy → unhappy; teach → teacher.
10. Compounding
• Definition: The process of combining two or more free morphemes (words) to create a new word.
• Example: blackboard, toothpaste, bedroom.
11. Affix
• Definition: A bound morpheme attached to a base or root to modify its meaning.
Types: Prefix, Suffix, Infix, Circumfix
a. Suffix
• Definition: An affix attached to the end of a word.
• Example: teach → teacher; quick → quickly.
b. Prefix
• A prefix is an affix added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning.
• Example: un- + happy → unhappy (meaning “not happy”).
c. Infix
• Definition: An affix inserted within a word.
• Example: Rare in English, but seen in informal speech like un-freaking-believable.
• Common in other languages, e.g. Tagalog: sulat (“write”) → sumulat (“wrote”).
d. Circumfix
• Definition: An affix that surrounds the root (one part before, one part after).
• Example: In German: ge–spiel–t (“played”) from spielen (“to play”).
12. Bases
• Definition: The form to which an affix is attached; it can be a root or a stem.
• Example: kindness → base is kind.
• unkindness → base is unkind.
13. Roots
• Definition: The core morpheme that carries the primary meaning and cannot be broken down further.
• Example: act in react, actor, action.
14. Stem
• Definition: The form of a word to which inflectional affixes are added.
• Example: talked → stem is talk.
• nationalization → stem is nationalize before adding -ation.
15. Bound Stem
ReplyDelete• Definition: A stem that cannot stand alone as a word.
• Example: receive (root ceive cannot stand alone); conceive, deceive.
16. Morphemes
• (Same as #1) The smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function.
• Example repeated: cats → cat + -s.
17. Allomorphs
• Definition: The different phonetic or spelling variants of a morpheme.
• Example: Plural morpheme “-s” has these allomorphs:
o /s/ in cats,
o /z/ in dogs,
o /ษชz/ in horses.
18. Alternation
• Definition: Morphological change within the root involving vowel or consonant change to indicate grammatical contrast.
• Example: sing → sang → sung; goose → geese.
19. Phonological Allomorphs
• Definition: Allomorphs that vary due to phonological (sound) environment, not meaning.
• Example: Past tense -ed → /t/ in walked, /d/ in played, /ษชd/ in wanted.
20. Morphophonological Rule
• Definition: Rules that describe how morphological processes interact with phonological changes.
• Example: The plural /s/ becomes /ษชz/ after sibilant sounds (bus → buses).
21. Suppletion
• Definition: When an inflected form of a word is replaced by an entirely different root.
• Example: go → went; good → better.
22. Weak Suppletion
• Definition: A mild form of suppletion where the word forms are somewhat related in sound or structure.
• Example: teach → taught; bring → brought.
23. Strong Suppletion
• Definition: A complete replacement where the forms are unrelated.
• Example: go → went; good → better.
24. Morphological Conditioning
• Definition: When the form of an allomorph depends on the morphological context (such as the presence of another morpheme).
• Example: -en plural appears only in certain nouns: ox → oxen, not cat → caten.
25. Lexical Conditioning
• Definition: When the choice of allomorph depends on the specific lexeme or word involved, rather than phonological or grammatical rules.
• Example: child → children; ox → oxen.
(The plural form depends on the word itself, not sound patterns.)
Contribute by:
ADEBAYO KAYODE AYOMIDE
This comment has been removed by the author.
Delete๐ Thumbs up for the effort, Kayode! Your neat outline and detailed examples are really impressive!
Delete
ReplyDelete1. Morphemes
Definition:
The smallest indivisible unit of meaning in a language.
Types:
Free morpheme: can stand alone (book)
Bound morpheme: it can not stand alone must attach to others (-s, un-)
Example:
Unfaithful
Un (bound), faith (Free), full (bound)
2. Word Token
Definition:
Every individual occurrence of a word in a text.
Example:
The boy saw the boy.
boy appears twice : word tokens.
3. Lexeme
Definition:
The abstract vocabulary item that includes all its forms.
Example:
Lexeme: RUN
runs, ran, running
4. Word Form
Definition:
The physical or actual form a lexeme takes in context.
Example:
running is a word form of the lexeme RUN.
5. Paradigm
Definition:
The complete set of forms a lexeme can take.
Example:
SIT
Sit, sat, sitting
6.Word Family
Definition:
A group of words related by a common root.
Example:
act, action, active, react
7.Inflection
Definition:
Changing a word to express grammatical information without changing its word class.
Example:
walk → walked (past tense)
8.Derivation
Definition:
Forming a new word by adding an affix; meaning or class changes.
Example:
happy → happiness
9.Affix
Definition:
A bound morpheme added to a base or stem.
Types:
Prefix before the base.(Rewrite)
Suffix after the base.(Kindness)
Infix (rare in English)
Example:
un- in unfair
10.Base
Definition:
Any form to which an affix is added.
Example:
kind + -ness → kindness
(kind is the base)
11. Stem
Definition:
The form of a word to which inflectional affixes attach.
Example:
work in working (inflected)
12.Root
Definition:
The core of a word carrying the basic meaning; cannot be broken further.
Example:
agree in disagreements.
13. Allomorph
Definition:
Different pronunciations or forms of the same morpheme.
Example:
Plural -s → /s/, /z/.
14.Monomorphemic / Poly monorphemic.
Definition:
Morphemic ( consist of one morpheme).
Polymorphic (contain more than one morpheme).
15. Free morpheme
Definition:
A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a complete word.
Examples: book, run, girl.
16. Bound morpheme.
Definition: A bound morpheme cannot stand alone.It must be attached to a root to carry meaning.
Examples: _ un, _ re.
17. Suffix
Definition:
A suffix is an affix added after the base or root of a word to change its meaning or grammatical function.
Types:
Derivational suffix: Changes the word class or meaning.
Inflectional suffix: Marks grammatical categories (tense, number, etc.).
Example:
quick → quickly (derivational suffix)
18. Prefix
Definition:
A prefix is an affix added before the base or root of a word to modify its meaning.
Types:
Derivational prefix: Changes the meaning but usually not the word class.
Example:
kind → unkind
19. Infix
Definition:
An infix is an affix inserted inside a root or base rather than before or after it.
Types:
Derivational infix (rare in English)
Common in languages like Tagalog, Arabic, and Bantu languages
Example (Tagalog):
sulat (“write”) → sumulat (“wrote”)
-um- is inserted inside the base.
20.Circumfix
Definition:
A circumfix is an affix made of two parts—one added at the beginning and one at the end of a base simultaneously.
Types:
Derivational circumfix
Inflectional circumfix (common in some languages)
Example (German):
lieb (“love”) → geliebt (“loved”)
20.Circumfix
ReplyDeleteDefinition:
A circumfix is an affix made of two parts—one added at the beginning and one at the end of a base simultaneously.
Types:
Derivational circumfix
Inflectional circumfix (common in some languages)
Example (German):
lieb (“love”) → geliebt (“loved”)
21.Bound Stem
Definition:
A bound stem is a stem that cannot stand alone as an independent word; it must combine with an affix.
Example:
receive, conceive, deceive → the stem -ceive cannot appear alone.
22.Alternation
Definition:
Alternation refers to changes within a morpheme’s internal sound structure that signal grammatical or semantic differences.
Example:
sing → sang (vowel alternation)
23.Phonological Allomorphs
Definition:
Allomorphs are different pronunciations or forms of the same morpheme caused by phonological (sound) environments.
Example (plural -s):
/s/ in cats
/z/ in dogs
/ษชz/ in buses
All three are allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
24.Morphological Rules
Definition:
Morphological rules describe how morphemes combine to form words or change their grammatical forms.
Types:
Inflectional rules (add tense, number, etc.)
Derivational rules (form new words)
Example:
Rule: “Add -ed to a verb to show past tense”
play → played
25. Suppletion
Definition:
Suppletion occurs when two forms of the same lexeme are completely unrelated in shape but express grammatical contrast.
Types:
Strong suppletion (forms are totally unrelated)
Weak suppletion (forms are partly related)
Example (strong):
go → went
26. Weak Suppletion
Definition:
Weak suppletion happens when forms of a lexeme show some small similarity but are not purely regular.
Example:
teach → taught
They differ, but retain some phonological relationship.
27.Strong Suppletion
Definition:
Strong suppletion occurs when forms of a lexeme are completely different, with no phonological similarity.
Example:
good → better
28. Lexical Conditions
Definition:
Lexical conditions are rules that apply only to specific words or lexical items, not to the entire language.
Example:
Only some verbs allow the irregular past form in English, e.g.:
sing → sang,
while others simply take -ed (talk → talked).
The irregular pattern is lexically conditioned.
CONTRIBUTE BY:
ABDSALAM BALQEES ADEPEJU.
28! You deserve a trophy for submitting the highest number of morphological terms. Well done, Balqees!
DeleteCONTRIBUTE BY:
ReplyDeleteOYEDELE OYINDAMOLA OLUWASHIKEMI
1. Morpheme
Definition:
The smallest meaningful unit in a language.
Types:
Free morpheme: Free morphemes are that can stand alone they are also called dependent morphemes.(Eg. kind, write).
Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are that cannot stand alone without been attached to the free morphemes and can also be called independent morphemes.(Eg. Comfortable, Agreement).
Example:
“Books” → "book" (free) , "books" (bound).
2. Segmented
Definition:
Segmented means dividing words into individual morphemes.
Example:
“Unhappiness” → un + happy + ness.
3. Metamorpheme
Definition:
Is not a standard term; it might refer to complex forms built from multiple morphemes.
Example:
“Antidisestablishmentarianism”.
4. Word-Token
Definition:
Refer to each occurrence of a word in text/speech.
Example:
In “the cat sat on the mat,” “the” is a word-token appearing twice.
5. Lexeme
Definition:
Refer to the base form of a word without inflection.
Example:
“Run” is a lexeme of “runs,” “ran,” “running”.
6. Word-Form
Definition:
Is a specific form of a lexeme.
Example:
“Running” is a word-form of the lexeme “run”.
7. Grammatical Meaning
Definition:
refer to meaning given by grammar (tense, number, case).
Example:
“Cats” implies plural via “-s”.
8. Paradigm
Definition:
Refer to a set of related word forms.
Example:
go, goes, going, gone.
9. Word Family
Definition:
They are words related by root.
Example:
teach, teacher, teaching.
10. Derivation
Definition:
Means forming a new word by adding affixes.
Example:
“Happy” → “unhappy”.
11. Inflection
Definition:
Means changing a word’s form to express grammar.
Example:
“Walk” → “walked”.
12. Compounding
Definition:
Means joining two words to form one.
Example:
“Toothbrush” = tooth + brush.
13. Affix
Definition:
A bound morpheme attached to a root.
Types:
Prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix.
Example:
“Un” in “undo”.
14. Prefixes
Definition:
An affix at the beginning.
Example:
“Re” in “replay”.
15. Suffixes
Definition:
Refer to an affix at the end.
Example:
“-ed” in “walked”.
16. Infix
Definition:
An affix inserted inside a word.
Example:
Rare in English, e.g., “fan-bloody-tastic”.
17. Circumfix
Definition:
Is an affix that surrounds the root.
Example:
Common in German: ge-lieb-t (loved).
18. Root
Definition:
The core part of a word carrying main meaning.
Example:
“Run” in “runner”.
19. Bound Stem
Definition:
Refer to a root that cannot stand alone.
Example:
“Ceive” in “receive” or “conceive”.
20. Allomorph
Definition:
They are variants of a morpheme with the same meaning.
Example:
Plural “-s”, “-es”, “-en”.
21. Phonological Allomorph
Definition:
Allomorphs are based on sound.
Example:
“Cats” (/s/), “dogs” (/z/), “horses” ( / ษชz / ).
22. Complementary Distribution
Definition:
Allomorphs are word that can never appear in the same environment.
Example:
English plural allomorphs.
23. Alternation
Definition:
Refer to internal changes in a word.
Example:
“Sing” → “sang” → “sung”.
24.COMPOUND
Definition:
Refer to the result of compounding.
Example:
"notebook".
25.BASE
Definition:
Refer to any form to which an affix is attached.
Example:
In unhappiness, the base of "un" is "happy", and the base of "ness" is "unhappy".
26:Rule
Definition:
A rule in linguistics is a guideline that describes how sounds, words, or structures change or behave in a language.
Types:
Phonological rules (sound changes).
Morphological rules (word formation).
Syntactic rules (sentence formation).
Example:
Phonological rule:
/n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial sound → "in" + "possible" "impossible".
27. Surface Representation (SR)
Definition:
The surface representation is how a word is actually pronounced after rules apply.
Example:
UR: /kรฆt + s/
SR: [kรฆts].
28. Underlying Representation (UR)
ReplyDeleteDefinition:
The underlying representation is the mental form of a word before any phonological rules apply.
Types:
Phonemic UR (they are based on phonemes).
Morphemic UR (they are based on morphemes).
Example:
UR of “cats” = /kรฆt + s/.
29. Suppletion
Definition:
Suppletion occurs when a word uses completely different forms that are not phonologically related.
Types:
Strong suppletion
Weak suppletion
29. Strong Suppletion
Definition:
Forms are totally unrelated and cannot be predicted.
Example:
"go" → "went".
(no similarity in form).
30. Weak Suppletion
Definition:
Forms are different but still show some small similarity.
Example:
"teach"→ "taught".
(related but irregular).
31. Conditioning
Definition:
Conditioning explains why a sound or form changes, based on the environment.
Types:
Phonological conditioning.
Morphological conditioning.
Lexical conditioning.
32. Phonological Conditioning
Definition:
A change happens because of a sound environment.
Example:
Plural in English:
after voiceless sounds → /s/ (cats)
after voiced sounds → /z/ (dogs).
33. Morphological Conditioning
Definition:
A change depends on the morpheme or grammatical structure.
Example:
Past tense of "keep" → "kept",
but "sleep" → "slept"
(tense morpheme causes change).
34. Lexical Conditioning
Definition:
A change happens only in specific words; it must be memorized.
Example:
Plural of "child" → "children"
Not predicted by sound rules—just a lexical item.
Basic Morphological concepts: definition and examples
ReplyDelete1. Morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit of a linguistic expression. It is a unit of language that cannot be furtherly broken. Example: Word: teacher
a. teach → to instruct
b. -er → the person who does the action
teacher = a person who teaches
2. Monomorphemic: this is a single word made up of single morpheme. Example: book, charisma, ec.
Lives, lived, living are different concrete instantaneous of the same word "live"
3. Lexeme: this is a dictionary word. It is a word that is not tied to any grammatical variation. (Like number, tense or case). Example:Lexeme: BEG Forms:beg, begs, begging, begged) All these are forms of the lexeme BEG
4. Word-form: is a word that can be tied to any grammatical variation. Every word form belongs to one lexeme.
5. Paradigm: the complete set of related word forms that belong to a single leexeme. Example: RUN>> run, running, runs
6. Word family: words that share same root and similar meaning. Eg: Word Family for “HELP” help, helps, helping, helped, helper, helpful,helpless
7. Morphological relationship: connection between words that are relayed in form and meaning, because they share a common root or morpheme.
Kinds of Morphological relationship: a. Inflection: the relationship between word forms of a lexeme b. Derivation: the relationship between lexemes of a word family.
You have attempted the task, but the work is insufficient. Only seven morphological processes were highlighted; more examples are needed to fully demonstrate understanding of the topic.
Delete1. Segmented Morphemes:
ReplyDeleteMorphemes that can be divided into smaller units, like "unhappiness" (un- + happy + -ness).
2. Monomorphemic Word:
A word consisting of a single morpheme, like "dog" or "run".
3. Token
An instance of a word or phrase, e.g., two instances of the word "the" in "the big the dog".
4. Lexeme:
An abstract unit of meaning, e.g., "run" is a lexeme with various forms like "runs", "running", "ran".
5. Word Form:
A specific form of a lexeme, e.g., "running" is a word form of the lexeme "run".
6. Grammatical Meaning:
Meaning conveyed through grammatical structure, like tense or plurality, e.g., "-s" in "cats" indicates plural.
7. Paradigm:
A set of word forms related by inflection, e.g., "go", "goes", "going", "went", "gone".
8. Word Family:
A group of words related by derivation, e.g., "happy", "happiness", "unhappy", "unhappiness".
9. Inflection:
Modification of a word to express grammatical function, e.g., "cat" -> "cats" (plural).
10. Derivation:
Process of forming new words by adding affixes, e.g., "happy" -> "happiness".
11. Derivative:
A word formed by derivation, e.g., "happiness" is a derivative of "happy".
12. Compounding:
Combining words to form new words, e.g., "blackboard", "toothbrush".
13. Word Formation:
Processes like derivation, compounding, and conversion that create new words.
14. Affix:
A morpheme attached to a base, like prefixes (un-) or suffixes (-ed).
15. Suffixes:
Affixes attached to the end, e.g., "-ly" in "quickly".
16. Prefixes:
Affixes attached to the beginning, e.g., "re-" in "rewrite".
17. Base:
The core part of a word, e.g., "happy" in "unhappiness".
18. Stem:
The part of a word to which affixes are attached, e.g., "run" in "running".
19. Root:
The core morpheme, often not a standalone word, e.g., "ceive" in "receive".
20. Bound Stems:
Stems that can't stand alone, e.g., "-mit" in "submit".
21. Allomorphs:
Variant forms of a morpheme, e.g., "-s" and "-z" in "cats" and "dogs".
22. Complementary:
Allomorphs that can't occur in the same environment, e.g., "-s" in "cats" vs. "-en" in "oxen".
23. Morphonological Alternation:
Changes in morpheme form due to phonological context, e.g., "knife" -> "knives".
24. Suppletion:
Using unrelated forms for grammatical variation, e.g., "go" -> "went".
25. Suppletive:
Forms involving suppletion, like "be" -> "am", "is", "are".
26. Morphological Conditioning:
Allomorph choice influenced by morphological context.
27. Surface Representation:
The actual form of a word, e.g., "cats".
28. Underlying Representation:
The abstract form, e.g., "cat + s".
29. Phonological Allomorphs:
Allomorphs determined by phonological context, e.g., "-s" in "cats" vs. "-z" in "dogs".
Contribute by:
Zainab Abdulrazaq
๐ Great job, Zainab! You outdid Balqees by one morphological term. That’s the spirit. Keep pushing yourself like this!
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1. Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in a word.
Example: “book-s” has two morphemes: book (meaning) + -s (plural).
2. Segmented
Breaking a word into its meaningful parts (morphemes).
Example: “unhappy” → un- + happy.
3. Word Token
A single appearance of a word in a text. If a word appears 5 times, it has 5 tokens.
Example: In “I love school because school is fun,” school = 2 word tokens.
4. Lexeme
The basic dictionary form of a word.
Example: “run,” “runs,” “ran,” “running” are all forms of one lexeme: RUN.
5. Word Form
The different shapes a lexeme takes.
Example: “run,” “running,” “ran” are different word forms of RUN.
6. Grammatical Meaning
Meaning given by grammar, not by the root word.
Example: “-ed” in “walked” shows past tense.
7. Paradigm
All the word forms of a lexeme arranged together.
Example: RUN → run, runs, ran, running.
8. Word Family
Words formed from the same base or root.
Example: act, action, active, actor, reaction.
9. Derivative
A new word formed by adding an affix to change meaning or word class.
Example: happy → unhappiness.
10. Inflection
Changing a word’s form to show grammatical information (tense, number, etc.) without changing the word class.
Example: boy → boys; talk → talked.
11. Compounding
Joining two independent words to form one new word.
Example: sun + light = sunlight.
12. Compound
The actual word formed through compounding.
Example: toothpaste, classroom, football.
13. Word Formation
The processes through which new words are created.
Example: derivation, compounding, borrowing, blending.
14. Affix
A morpheme added to a base to create meaning.
Types: prefix, suffix.
Example: un-, -ment, -s.
15. Suffix
An affix added at the end of a word.
Example: teach → teacher (-er).
16. Prefix
An affix added at the beginning of a word.
Example: happy → unhappy.
17. Base (or Root/Base Form)
The core part of a word that carries the main meaning.
Example: play in “playful,” “replay,” “plays.”
18. Bound Stem
A root that cannot stand alone as a word; it needs an affix.
Example: “-ceive” in receive, deceive, perceive.
19. Morphophonological
How sounds change when morphemes combine.
Example: plural “-s” sounding different in cats (/s/) and dogs (/z/).
๐ Well done attempting the task. Do remember to always insert proper spacing in your work; it greatly improves clarity and presentation.
Delete1. Morpheme
ReplyDeleteThe smallest part of a word that has meaning.
There are two main types:
1. Free morpheme – can stand alone
Example: book
2. Bound morpheme – cannot stand alone
Example: -s in cats
Example of a morpheme in a word
cats → cat + -s
2. Free Morpheme
A morpheme that is a complete word by itself.
Example
house
3. Bound Morpheme
A morpheme that needs a base; cannot appear alone.
Example
-ed in played
4. Allomorph
Different forms of the same morpheme that express the same meaning.
Example
Plural:
/s/ in cats
/z/ in dogs
/ษชz/ in buses
5. Root
The core meaning unit of a word that cannot be broken down further.
Example
unhappiness → root = happy
6. Base
Any form you can attach a morpheme to (root or bigger form).
Example
In unhappiness, the base for un- is happiness
7. Stem
The form to which inflectional morphemes attach.
Example
In cats, stem = cat
8. Affix
A bound morpheme added to a base.
Types
Prefix – before the base (e.g., un-)
Suffix – after the base (e.g., -ness)
Infix – inserted inside (found in languages like Tagalog)
Example
un- in unfair
9. Inflection
Changing a word to express grammar (tense, number, case), NOT to create a new word.
Example
walk → walked
10. Inflectional Value
The specific grammatical meaning added by inflection.
Example
Plural, past tense, 3rd person singular, etc.
11. Derivation
Using morphemes to create new words.
Example
teach → teacher
12. Derivational Meaning
The new meaning added by derivation.
Example
-er adds “person who does the action.”
13. Word-Form
One grammatical version of a word.
Example
RUN has: run, runs, ran, running.
14. Lexeme
The “dictionary word” behind all its forms.
Example
Lexeme WRITE → write, writes, wrote, writing.
15. Paradigm
All word-forms of a lexeme shown together.
Example
Walk > walk, walks, walked, walking.
16. Morphophonological Alternation
A sound change caused by morphology.
Example
electric - electricity (stress shift)
17. Syncretism
Different grammatical categories share the same form.
Example
Latin insulae = genitive singular AND nominative plural.
18. Empty Morph
A piece of form that adds no meaning.
Example
Found in some case forms in Lezgian language.
19. Zero Morph / Zero Morpheme
A meaningful morpheme with no sound.
Example
sheep-sheep (plural)
20. Compound
A word made by joining two lexemes.
Example
toothbrush
21. Head of a Compound
The part that determines the category of the compound.
Example
babysit → head is sit (so the whole word is a verb)
22. Clitic
A small word that attaches to a host word.
Example
English ’s in John’s book
Contributed by:
Bello Joseph
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